Öz
Amaç
Juniperus communis (J. communis) (adi ardıç), tıbbi amaçlarla uzun süredir kullanılan bir bitkidir. Bu çalışma, J. communis meyvelerinden hazırlanan etanol, metanol, kloroform ve su ekstrelerinin Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania tropica, Trichomonas vaginalis ve Blastocystis üzerindeki antiparaziter etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntemler
Çalkalamalı maserasyon yöntemi oda sıcaklığında hazırlanan meyve ekstrelerinin antiparazitik aktiviteleri, Plasmodium falciparum’a karşı ring stage survival testi ile Leishmania tropica, Trichomonas vaginalis ve Blastocystis’e karşı aktiviteleri ise sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemi ile araştırılmıştır. Her bir parazit türü üzerinde ekstrelerin farklı konsantrasyonlarda etkinlikleri test edilmiştir.
Bulgular
J. communis meyvelerinin kloroform ekstresinin, Plasmodium falciparum’a karşı 15 µg/mL, Leishmania tropica’ya karşı 10 µg/mL, Trichomonas vaginalis’e karşı 30 µg/mL ve Blastocystis’e karşı ise 30 µg/mL konsantrasyonda etkili olduğu gözlenmiştir.
Sonuç
J. communis meyvelerinin kloroform ekstresi, araştırılan parazit türlerine karşı güçlü antiparaziter etkinlik göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, bitkinin antiparaziter potansiyelini desteklemekle birlikte gelecekteki tıbbi uygulamalar için umut vadetmektedir. Özellikle metronidazol dirençli Trichomonas vaginalis suşları üzerinde etkili olması, alternatif tedavi seçeneklerinin geliştirilmesi açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışma, J. communis’un tıbbi bitki olarak kullanım potansiyelini ortaya koymakta olup, aktivite eşliğinde izolasyon ve yapı tayini ile ilgili araştırmalar için literatüre katkı sağlayacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Antiparazitik, Juniperus communis, Blastocystis, Juniperus communis, Leishmania, Plasmodium, Trichomonas
Kaynakça
Rahimi BA, Thakkinstian A, White NJ, Sirivichayakul C, Dondorp AM, Chokejindachai W. Severe vivax malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies since 1900. Malar J. 2014; 13: 481.
Capela R, Moreira R, Lopes F. An overview of drug resistance in protozoal diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20: 5748.
Nsanzabana C. Resistance to artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs): do not forget the partner drug! Trop Med Infect Dis. 2019; 4: 26.
Pandey SK, Anand U, Siddiqui WA, Tripathi R. Drug development strategies for Malaria: with the hope for new antimalarial drug discovery-an update. Adv Med. 2023; 2023: 5060665.
Ünübol N, Çavuş İ, Polat T, Kurt Ö, Özbilgin A, Kocagöz T. Antimicrobial peptides and their anti-leishmanial efficacies on Leishmania tropica promastigotes In vitro. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2024; 48: 135-41. English.
Sundar S, More DK, Singh MK, Singh VP, Sharma S, Makharia A, et al. Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral leishmaniasis in India: report from the center of the Indian epidemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 31: 1104-7.
Özel Y, Çavuş İ, Ünlü G, Ünlü M, Özbilgin A. Investigation of the antitrichomonal activity of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and thymol and synergy with metronidazole. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2024; 48: 72-6.
Wawrzyniak I, Poirier P, Viscogliosi E, Dionigia M, Texier C, Delbac F, et al. Blastocystis, an unrecognized parasite: an overview of pathogenesis and diagnosis. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2013; 1: 167-78.
Arip M, Selvaraja M, R M, Tan LF, Leong MY, Tan PL, et al. Review on plant-based management in combating antimicrobial resistance - mechanistic perspective. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 13: 879495.
Gonçalves AC, Flores-Félix JD, Coutinho P, Alves G, Silva LR. Zimbro ( Juniperus communis L.) as a promising source of bioactive compounds and biomedical activities: a review on recent trends. Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 23: 3197.
Özbilgin A, Çavuş İ, Nuraydın A, Kaya T. In vivo and in vitro models for scanning drug substances in Malaria: prestudy. Türkiye Parazitol Derg. 2017; 41: 156-63.
Witkowski B, Amaratunga C, Khim N, Sreng S, Chim P, Kim S, et al. Novel phenotypic assays for the detection of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia: in-vitro and ex-vivo drug-response studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 13: 1043-9.
Amaratunga C, Lim P, Suon S, Sreng S, Mao S, Sopha C, et al. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia: a multisite prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 357-65.
Witkowski B, Menard D, Amaratunga C, Fairhurst RM. Ring stage survival assays (RSA) to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to artemisinins. National Institutes of Health Procedure RSAv1. 2013; 1-16.
Güler E, Özbilgin A, Çavuş İ, Baddal B, Etikan İ, Başer KHC, et al. In vitro anti-leishmanial activity of essential oils extracted from plants growing in Northern Cyprus against Leishmania tropica. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2021; 45: 101-7. English.
Özbilgin A, Çavuş İ, Yıldırım A, Kaya T, Ertabaklar H. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo drug efficacy over leishmania tropica: a pilot study. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2018; 42: 11-9.
Eser M, Çavuş İ. In vitro and in silico evaluations of the antileishmanial activities of new benzimidazole-triazole derivatives. Vet Sci. 2023; 10: 648.
Mirza H, Teo JD, Upcroft J, Tan KS. A rapid, high-throughput viability assay for Blastocystis spp. reveals metronidazole resistance and extensive subtype-dependent variations in drug susceptibilities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011; 55: 637-48.
Mei X, Wei L, Su C, Yang Z, Tian X, Zhang Z, et al. Advances in the axenic isolation methods of Blastocystis sp. and their applications. Parasitology. 2024; 151: 125-34.
Mokhtar AB, Ahmed SA, Eltamany EE, Karanis P. Anti- Blastocystis activity in vitro of Egyptian herbal extracts (family: asteraceae) with emphasis on Artemisia judaica. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16: 1555.
Yesilada E, Honda G, Sezik E, Tabata M, Goto K, Ikeshiro Y. Traditional medicine in Turkey. IV. Folk medicine in the Mediterranean subdivision. J Ethnopharmacol. 1993; 39: 31-8.
Sezik E, Yesilada E, Tabata M, Honda G, Takahashi Y, Fujita T, et al. Traditional medicine in Turkey. VIII. Folk medicine in East Anatolia: Erzurum, Erzincan, Agri, Kars, Igdir Provinces. Econ Bot. 1997; 51: 195-211.
Milhau G, Valentin A, Benoit F, Mallié M, Bastide JM, Pélissier Y, et al. In vitro antimalarial activity of eight essential oils. J Essent Oil Res. 1997; 9: 329-33.
Samoylenko V, Dunbar DC, Gafur MA, Khan SI, Ross SA, Mossa JS, et al. Antiparasitic, nematicidal and antifouling constituents from Juniperus berries. Phytother Res. 2008; 22: 1570-6.
Moein M, Hatam G, Taghavi-Moghadam R, Zarshenas MM. Antileishmanial activities of Greek juniper ( Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb.) against Leishmania major promastigotes. J Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017; 22: 31-6.
Mirzavand S, Hatam G, Moein M, Zarshenas MM. In vitro and in vivo assessment of anti-leishmanial efficacy of leaf, fruit, and fractions of Juniperus excelsa against axenic amastigotes of Leishmania major and topical formulation in Balb/c mice. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2019; 21: 1-7.
Parvizi MM, Handjani F, Moein M, Hatam G, Nimrouzi M, Hassanzadeh J, et al. Efficacy of cryotherapy plus topical Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb cream versus cryotherapy plus placebo in the treatment of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis: a triple-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017; 11: e0005957.
